Question 1

(1a) Respiration is the process by which living cells release energy from food.

(1b) Ways to Maintain a Healthy Respiratory System (Any 3):
– Avoid smoking.
– Exercise regularly.
– Avoid dusty and polluted environments.
– Eat a balanced diet.
– Avoid inhaling harmful chemicals.
– Go for regular medical checkups.

Question 2

(2a) Drug addiction is the state in which a person becomes dependent on drugs and cannot stop using them despite harmful effects.

(2b) Rehabilitation is the process of helping a person recover from drug addiction or illness and return to normal life.

Question 3

(3a) Effects of Improper Refuse Disposal (Any 3):
– It causes environmental pollution.
– It spreads diseases.
– It blocks drainage channels and causes flooding.
– It produces bad odour.
– It attracts flies, rats and other pests.
– It makes the environment untidy.

(3b) Effects of Improper Chemical/Pesticide Disposal (Any 3):
– It can poison humans and animals.
– It pollutes the environment.
– It can kill useful insects and organisms.
– It contaminates water and soil.
– It can cause health problems such as cancer and skin irritation.
– It reduces soil fertility.

Question 4

(4a)(i) Mental health is the state of emotional, psychological and social well-being of an individual.

(4a)(ii) Ways to Maintain Good Mental Health (Any 3):
– Getting proper rest and sleep.
– Seeking counselling or medical help.
– Participating in regular exercise and social activities.
– Eating a balanced diet.
– Avoiding alcohol and hard drugs.
– Sharing problems with trusted people.

(4b) Causes of Obesity (Any 3):
– Overeating fatty foods.
– Lack of physical exercise.
– Hereditary/genetic factors.
– Excessive intake of sugary drinks and snacks.
– Lack of proper sleep.
– Sedentary lifestyle/watching TV for long hours.

Question 5

(5a) Health insurance is an arrangement in which a person or organization pays for medical expenses through regular contributions or premiums.

(5b) Expenses Covered by Health Insurance (Any 2):
– Hospital bills.
– Cost of drugs and treatment.
– Surgical operation expenses.
– Laboratory test charges.
– Maternity care expenses.
– Cost of medical checkups.

Question 6

(6) Postural Defects (Any 2):
– Kyphosis.
– Lordosis.
– Scoliosis.
– Flat foot.
– Bow legs.
– Knock knees.

Question 7

(7a) The class of food item is protein.

(7b) The end product after digestion of protein is amino acids.

(7c) Functions of Protein in the Body (Any 4):
– It helps in growth of the body.
– It repairs worn-out tissues.
– It helps in the formation of enzymes and hormones.
– It helps in building body tissues and muscles.
– It helps in the production of antibodies.
– It provides energy when needed.
– It helps in maintaining healthy skin and hair.
– It supports proper body functioning.

(7d) Other Classes of Food:
– Carbohydrates.
– Fats and oils.
– Vitamins.
– Minerals.

(7e) Stages of Digestion:
– Ingestion.
– Digestion.
– Absorption.
– Assimilation.

(7f) Enzymes That Digest Protein:
– Pepsin.
– Trypsin.
– Erepsin.
– Peptidase.

(7g) Assimilation is the process by which digested food substances are used by the body cells for growth, repair and energy production.

Question 8

(8a) Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

(8b) Examples of STIs (Any 4):
– HIV/AIDS
– Gonorrhoea
– Syphilis
– Chlamydia

(8c) Ways HIV/AIDS is Transmitted (Any 4):
– Blood transfusion.
– Sharing sharp objects (needles).
– Mother to child during birth.
– Breastfeeding.

(8d) Prevention of STIs (Any 4):
– Abstinence.
– Use of condoms.
– Be faithful to one partner.
– Avoid sharing sharp objects.

(8e) Causative Organisms of STIs:
– HIV/AIDS — HIV (virus)
– Syphilis — Treponema pallidum (bacterium)
– Gonorrhoea — Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacterium)
– Chlamydia — Chlamydia trachomatis (bacterium)

(8f) Effects of STIs on Unborn Babies (Any 3):
– Stillbirth.
– Premature birth.
– Blindness/eye infections in the newborn.

Question 9

(9a) A quack is a person who falsely claims to have medical knowledge or ability to treat diseases.

(9b) Characteristics of a Quack (Any 4):
– Claims to cure all diseases.
– Has no medical qualifications.
– Sells unproven/fake medicines.
– Motivated by profit, not patient welfare.

(9c) Practice Associated with Quacks: Drug abuse/self-medication.

(9d) Effects of Drug Abuse (Any 4):
– Addiction/dependence.
– Organ damage (liver, kidney).
– Death.
– Mental/psychological disorders.

(9e) Causes of Drug Abuse (Any 4):
– Peer pressure.
– Stress/depression.
– Poverty.
– Ignorance/lack of education.

(9f) Control of Drug Abuse (Any 4):
– Public education/awareness campaigns.
– Strict laws against drug peddlers.
– Counselling services.
– Parental guidance.

(9g) Nostrum: A medicine or remedy of unproven effectiveness, often sold with exaggerated claims by quacks.