SECTION B: THEORY ANSWERS (Paper II)

INSTRUCTION: ANSWER FIVE (5) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1: What is a constitution? Explain five roles of a constitution in a democratic government.

(1a) A constitution is a body of fundamental laws, rules and principles by which a country is governed. It explains how government is organised, the powers and duties of government officials, and the rights and responsibilities of citizens.

(1b) Roles of the Constitution (Pick any four):

• (i) Defines Powers of Government: States the powers, duties and responsibilities of the three arms of government.
• (ii) Protects Human Rights: Protects citizens’ basic rights such as freedom of speech, movement, religion and association.
• (iii) Promotes Rule of Law: Ensures everyone — including the president and governors — is subject to the law.
• (iv) Prevents Abuse of Power: Places limitations on the powers of political leaders and government officials.
• (v) Promotes Political Stability: Provides established rules and guidelines that prevent political crises and conflicts.
• (vi) Guidelines for Elections: Establishes procedures for conducting elections and choosing political leaders.
• (vii) Separation of Powers: Divides government powers among the executive, legislature and judiciary.
• (viii) Procedures for Making Laws: Explains how laws are introduced, debated, passed and approved.

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Question 2: Explain how abstaining from sex, being faithful to partner and use of condoms prevent HIV/AIDS.

• (i) Abstaining from Sex: Abstinence avoids sexual intercourse completely — the virus cannot be transmitted when a person does not engage in sexual activities.
• (ii) Being Faithful to One Partner: Having only one sexual partner who has tested HIV-negative greatly reduces the risk of contracting and spreading the virus.
• (iii) Use of Condoms: Condoms prevent exchange of body fluids such as semen and vaginal fluids, reducing HIV transmission risk when used correctly and consistently.
• (iv) Prevents Exchange of Infected Body Fluids: Condoms act as a physical barrier preventing infected fluids from entering the partner’s body.
• (v) Reduces Spread of HIV: ABC practices together reduce the chances of contracting and spreading HIV from one person to another.

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Question 3: (a) What is orderliness? (b) Give five instances of orderliness in society.

(3a) Orderliness is the act of doing things in a proper, organised and peaceful manner by following established rules, regulations and procedures. It involves discipline, obedience to rules and respect for other people’s rights in society.

(3b) Instances (Pick any four):

• (i) At Schools: Students obey rules, attend classes, queue during assembly and respect teachers.
• (ii) On the Roads: Motorists and pedestrians obey traffic rules, preventing accidents and congestion.
• (iii) In the Marketplace: Traders arrange goods properly, maintain cleanliness and buyers queue properly.
• (iv) During Elections: Voters follow approved voting procedures, avoid violence and respect electoral officials.
• (v) In Religious Centres: Worshippers maintain peace, avoid noise and follow religious leaders’ instructions.
• (vi) In Government Offices: Workers report on time, keep records and attend to the public in an organised manner.
• (vii) During Public Gatherings: Participants follow instructions, avoid fighting and maintain proper queues.
• (viii) At Home: Family members keep surroundings clean, obey family rules and perform assigned responsibilities.

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Question 4: (a) Describe four ways through which people learn values. (b) State three significant values to national development.

(4a) Ways People Learn Values (Pick any four):

• (i) Family Upbringing: Children learn honesty, respect, obedience and discipline from parents and family members.
• (ii) Formal Education: Schools teach punctuality, hard work, cooperation, tolerance and responsibility.
• (iii) Religious Teachings: Churches and mosques teach love, kindness, forgiveness and honesty.
• (iv) Peer Groups: People learn values through interaction and cooperation with friends.
• (v) Mass Media: Radio, TV, newspapers and social media spread social and moral values.
• (vi) Cultural Practices: Traditional customs, beliefs and norms pass values from one generation to another.
• (vii) Community Activities: Community meetings and social activities teach cooperation, unity and responsibility.
• (viii) Personal Experience: Daily experiences, mistakes and observations teach important life values.

(4b) Significant Values to National Development (Pick any three):

• (i) Honesty: Reduces corruption and fraud, encouraging national development.
• (ii) Hard Work: Promotes economic growth, productivity and improved standard of living.
• (iii) Patriotism: Encourages citizens to protect national interests, obey laws and contribute to development.
• (iv) Unity: Promotes peaceful coexistence, national integration and cooperation.
• (v) Discipline: Promotes peace, orderliness and effective governance.
• (vi) Tolerance: Prevents conflicts and strengthens national unity.

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Question 5: (a) Mention two government institutions that combat drug abuse and discuss their functions. (b) Discuss three distinctions between drug abuse and drug trafficking. (c) List three negative effects of drug abuse.

(5a) Government Institutions That Combat Drug Abuse (Pick any two):

• (i) National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA): Responsible for preventing and controlling the use of illegal drugs in Nigeria. It arrests and prosecutes drug offenders and destroys illegal drug substances.
• (ii) National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC): Regulates the manufacture, importation, distribution and sale of drugs to prevent the circulation of fake, expired and harmful drugs.
• (iii) Nigeria Police Force (NPF): Arrests people involved in illegal drug activities, investigates drug-related offences and maintains law and order.
• (iv) Federal Ministry of Health: Develops health policies and programmes to prevent drug abuse; supports public awareness, treatment and rehabilitation of drug users.
• (v) National Orientation Agency (NOA): Educates and sensitises the public about the dangers of drug abuse through campaigns, seminars and enlightenment programmes.
• (vi) Nigeria Customs Service (NCS): Prevents smuggling and illegal importation of prohibited drugs through Nigeria’s borders, airports and seaports.

(5b) Distinctions Between Drug Abuse and Drug Trafficking (Pick any three):

• (i) Drug abuse is the wrong or excessive use of drugs, while drug trafficking is the illegal buying, selling, transportation or distribution of drugs.
• (ii) Drug abuse involves taking drugs for non-medical or harmful purposes, while drug trafficking involves distributing drugs illegally, usually for financial gain.
• (iii) Drug abuse mainly involves users or consumers, while drug trafficking involves dealers, smugglers and illegal distributors.
• (iv) Drug abuse is the misuse/consumption of drugs, while drug trafficking involves the illegal movement and supply of drugs from place to place.
• (v) Drug abuse causes addiction, mental illness and health problems, while drug trafficking encourages crime, insecurity and spread of illegal drugs.
• (vi) Drug abuse may attract legal consequences depending on the offence, while drug trafficking is a serious criminal offence attracting imprisonment and fines.

(5c) Negative Effects of Drug Abuse (Pick any three):

• (i) It causes mental illness and emotional disorders.
• (ii) It leads to addiction and dependence on drugs.
• (iii) It can damage important body organs such as the liver and kidneys.
• (iv) It encourages crime, violence and other antisocial behaviours.
• (v) It leads to poor academic performance and school dropout.
• (vi) It can result in premature death or suicide.

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Question 6: (a) What are civil society groups? (b) Explain four roles of civil society groups in a democracy. (c) State three challenges faced by civil society groups in Nigeria.

Answer: [Coming soon]

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Question 7: State any five limitations of Nigeria’s Public Service.

Answer: [Coming soon]

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Question 8: Highlight five key features of the rule of law.

Answer: [Coming soon]

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Question 9: [Question to be updated]

Answer: [Coming soon]